Abstract Current analysis systematically reviews data available in the literature on the anti-bacterial activity of Annona muricata extracts (AME) against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Search was undertaken at four electronic databases and studies’ quality were assessed. Results were summarized and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of AME (versus antimicrobial control) against S. aureus and E. coli was the main datum analyzed. The initial database search yielded 2,433 results. We selected 14 studies and four were used for meta-analysis. The MIC ranged between 156 µg/mL and 1,024 µg/mL against S. aureus and between 256 µg/mL and 1,024 µg/mL against E. coli. The different strains of E. coli studied were more sensitive to AME than those of S. aureus. The differences mean concentrations and standard deviations between AME and antimicrobials were 101.91 and 946.05 for E. coli, and 388.90 and 970.61 for S. aureus respectively. The heterogeneity of data is highlighted. Different methodologies were used, several studies didn’t include antibiotics as control, antibiotics were different and various concentrations of extracts were tested. Studies showed possibilities of the plant under analysis as a source of new phytochemical compounds against microorganisms.

RESUMO Objetivou-se determinar a população de coliformes totais e de Escherichia coli e identificar os genes de virulência iss e iutA nas cepas de Escherichia coli isoladas de celulites em carcaças de frangos em um abatedouro. No periodo de agosto de 2013 a janeiro de 2014 foram coletadas 100 lesões de celulite, sendo verificada a população de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli, pelo método rápido de contagem Petrifilm™ (AOAC 998.8). As amostras de Escherichia coli foram analisadas para verificar a presença dos genes iss e iutA, utilizando a técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Houve a presença de coliformes totais em 96,0 % (96/100) das amostras analisadas, com a população entre 3,4 a 9,5 log UFC/g. Constatou-se também a presença de Escherichia coli em 82,0 % (82/100) das amostras de celulite, com população entre <1,0 e 9,0 log UFC/g. O gene iss foi encontrado em 89,0 % dos isolados e o gene iutA em 97,6 %. As populações elevadas de coliformes totais e de Escherichia coli nas amostras de celulite indicam que falhas higiênico-sanitárias podem ter ocorrido na produção dos frangos de corte. Considerando a prevalência elevada dos genes de virulência pesquisados, característicos de Escherichia coli Patogênica para Aves (APEC) e o possível caráter zoonótico deste patotipo, é importante ressaltar a necessidade da adoção das Boas Práticas de Fabricação, Procedimentos Padrão de Higiene Operacional e da Análise de Perigos e Pontos Críticos de Controle nos abatedouros, para garantir a inocuidade do produto final.

SUMMARY Current study determines the population of total coliforms and Escherichia coli and identifies iss and iutA virulence genes in Escherichia coli strains isolated from cellulitis in poultry carcasses retrieved from a slaughterhouse. One hundred cellulitis lesions were collected between August 2013 and January 2014. The population of total coliforms and Escherichia coli was verified by Petrifilm™ rapid counting method (AOAC 998.8). Escherichia coli samples were analyzed for iss and iutA genes by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. Total coliforms were present in 96.0% (96/100) of the analyzed samples, with a population between 3.4 and 9.5 log CFU/g. Escherichia coli was present in 82.0% (82/100) of cellulitis samples and the population ranged between <1.0 and 9.0 log CFU/g. The iss gene was found in 89.0% of isolates and the iutA gene in 97.6%. High populations of total coliforms and Escherichiacoli in cellulitis samples indicate that hygienic-sanitary failures may have occurred in the production of broilers. When high prevalence of virulence genes under analysis, characteristic of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) and possible zoonotic character of the pathotype are taken into account, it is important to highlight the need to adopt Good Manufacturing Practices, Standard Procedures of Operational Hygiene and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points in poultry slaughterhouses to ensure the safety of the final product.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se verificar a qualidade microbiológica das águas destinadas ao cultivo de ostra da Baía do Iguape, Bahia, e sua correlação com os fatores ambientais e variações de maré. Foram coletadas 36 amostras de água superficial de três viveiros de cultivo, totalizando 12 coletas. A população de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes foi determinada por meio da técnica de tubos múltiplos - Número Mais Provável (NMP.100 mL-1). Foram estabelecidas como variáveis ambientais pH, temperatura, salinidade, turbidez, precipitação pluviométrica e maré. Observou-se que a população de coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes nos três viveiros monitorados variou de <1,8 a 1.600 NMP.100 mL-1 e <1,8 a 350 NMP.100 mL-1, respectivamente, constatando-se que os viveiros apresentam boa qualidade microbiológica da água superficial. Quanto à influencia dos fatores ambientais na densidade microbiana, foi obtida uma correlação positiva quanto à precipitação pluviométrica e negativa para temperatura e turbidez. Considerando os dados do presente estudo, verifica-se que a população de coliformes aumentou nos meses mais chuvosos e em maré de sizígia. É necessário realizar o monitoramento microbiológico e ambiental de águas destinadas à aquicultura por favorecer a produção segura e sustentável de ostra, uma vez que os parâmetros de qualidade podem sofrer influências climáticas e variações temporais.

ABSTRACT: The objective was to verify the microbiological quality of water used in oyster cultivation in Iguape Bay, Bahia, and its correlation with environmental factors and tidal variations. Thirty six samples of surface water were collected from three oyster cultivation areas, totalizing 12 collections. The concentrations of total and thermotolerant coliforms were determined using the multiple tube test - Most Probable Number (MPN.100 mL-1). The environmental variables assessed in the water samples were: pH, temperature, salinity, turbidity, rainfall and tidal. Total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms MPN values ranged from <1.8 to 1,600 MPN.100 mL-1 and from <1.8 to 350 MPN.100 mL-1, respectively. The oyster cultivation areas presented good microbiological quality of surface water. The influence of environmental factors on microbial density was obtained as a positive correlation with rainfall and negative correlation with temperature and turbidity. Considering the data from this study, there was an increase of the population of coliforms in the rainy season and spring tide. Thus, it is necessary to carry out microbiological and environmental monitoring of water intended for aquaculture because it promotes safe and sustainable production of oyster, since the quality parameters can suffer weather influences and seasonal variations.

The zoonotic potential to cause human and/or animal infections among multidrug-resistant extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli from avian origin was investigated. Twenty-seven extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli isolates containing the increased survival gene (iss) were obtained from the livers of healthy and diseased poultry carcasses at two slaughterhouses in Salvador, northeastern Brazil. The antimicrobial resistance-susceptibility profiles were conducted with antibiotics of avian and/or human use by the standardized disc-diffusion method. Antimicrobial resistance was higher for levofloxacin (51.8%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (70.4%), ampicillin (81.5%), cefalotin (88.8%), tetracycline (100%) and streptomycin (100%). The minimum inhibitory concentrations above the resistance breakpoints of doxycycline, neomycin, oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin reached, respectively, 88.0%, 100%, 75% and 91.7% of the isolates. Strains with high and low antimicrobial resistance were i.p. administered to Swiss mice, and histopathological examination was carried out seven days after infection. Resistance to goat and human serum complement was also evaluated. The results show that Swiss mice challenged with strain 2B (resistant to 11 antimicrobials) provoked a severe degeneration of hepatocytes besides lymphocytic infiltration in the liver, whereas the spleen showed areas of degeneration of the white and red pulp. Conversely, the spleen and liver of mice challenged with strain 4A (resistant to two antimicrobials) were morphologically preserved. In addition, complement resistance to goat and human serum was high for strain 2B and low for strain 4A. Our data show that multidrug resistance and pathogenesis can be correlated in extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strains obtained from apparently healthy poultry carcasses, increasing the risk for human public healthy.

A contínua intensificação da produção no setor avícola propicia condições favoráveis à ocorrência e à disseminação de alguns patógenos, como a Escherichia coli, que pode provocar infecções graves nos animais e no homem. O objetivo com este trabalho foi verificar a correlação existente entre a inspeção visual do fígado e a presença de Escherichia coli em fígados de frangos provenientes de matadouros avícolas. Para tanto, foram colhidas 62 amostras de fígados de frango, das quais 30 com aspecto macroscópico inalterado e 32 com alteração macroscópica, que originou o descarte da carcaça pela inspeção da linha B. Escherichia coli foi isolada em 45,5% dos fígados coletados. A bactéria foi isolada em 18 amostras de fígados com aspecto macroscópico inalterado e nove amostras de fígados provenientes de carcaças que foram descartadas. A colangio-hepatite foi a alteração inflamatória predominante em 16/27 fígados e considerada multifocal em 15/16. Detectou-se a predominância de heterófilos e mononucleares (12/27). Os critérios de condenação das carcaças foram inadequados, haja vista a elevada presença de Escherichia coli nas amostras de fígados oriundos de carcaças consideradas próprias para o consumo humano, o que ressalta as diferenças encontradas nas análises microbiológicas e visuais. Diante dos resultados obtidos, torna-se necessária a continuidade dos estudos, especialmente quanto o potencial zoonótico da Escherichia coli e sua presença nos alimentos prontos para consumo.

The continuous intensification of production in the poultry sector provides conditions that favor the occurrence and spread of some pathogens such as Escherichia coli, which can cause serious infections in animals and humans. The objective of this study was to verify the correlation between visual inspection of the liver and the presence of Escherichia coli in poultry livers from slaughterhouses. 62 liver chicken samples were collected from two slaughterhouses situated in the State of Bahia in July to August 2008. 30 livers were macroscopic unchanged and 32 showed macroscopic alterations that lead to carcass disposal for inspection of line B. Escherichia coli was isolated in 45.5% of livers collected. The bacterium Escherichia coli was isolated from 18 unchanged livers samples and nine from carcasses that were rejected. The cholangiohepatitis (16/27) was predominant considering inflammatory alterations, and were considered multifocal in 15/16 livers. Heterophils and mononuclear cells were predominant (12/27). The criteria for condemnation of carcasses were inadequate, taking into consideration that pathogenic Escherichia coli were presented in apparently healthy animals, highlighting the differences found in the microbiological analysis and visual. Based on these results, it is necessary further studies, especially regarding the zoonotic potential of Escherichia coli and its presence in foods ready for consumption.

A comercialização de alimentos tradicionais resgata a história e a cultura presentes nos alimentos. Os pescadores artesanais são os principais responsáveis pelo abastecimento do mercado nacional. Considerando-se a importância da adoção de procedimentos de Boas Práticas de Fabricação em toda cadeia produtiva, o presente trabalho visa a socializar uma experiência construtiva de uma oficina de Boas Práticas de Fabricação para pescadoras. Diante disso, realizou-se um levantamento de conceitos e atitudes voltadas para produção segura de alimentos, utilizando-se como instrumento entrevistas, além da observação de seus hábitos e atitudes. Os resultados evidenciam que estas pescadoras percebem as Boas Práticas de Fabricação como sinônimo de higiene e de poder comercializar o pescado sem reclamações; porém, as mesmas não têm noção dos procedimentos de Boas Práticas de Fabricação na sua atividade. O processo formativo se constitui como uma das estratégias de base para consolidação dos grupos, sendo as oficinas alternativas eficientes, de fácil execução e baixo custo.

The marketing of traditional foods recalls the history and culture in feeding. The fishermen are primarily responsible for supplying the domestic market. Considering the importance of adopting procedures for Good Manufacturing Practices throughout the production chain, this paper aims to socialize a constructive experience of a Good Manufacturing Practices workshop for fishers. Therefore, we carried out a survey of concepts and attitudes towards safe food production, using interviews as an instrument, and are observed their habits and attitudes. The results show that these Good Manufacturing Practices perceive as synonymous with health and able to market the fish without complaint, but they are not aware of the procedures for Good Manufacturing Practices activities. The training process is constituted as one of the basic strategies for strengthening these groups, workshops efficient alternatives, easy implementation and low cost.